Plain X-rays ( Thoma 2008, Bryant 2007).Soft signs: hematemesis, dysphagia, subcutaneous emphysema, hoarseness, cough.If direct pressure cannot control bleeding, placement of a foley catheter and balloon inflation may be successful in tamponade of bleeding as a temporizing measure ( Navsaria 2006).If possible, start access on the contralateral side to the injury.Application of direct pressure is often successful in controlling bleeding.Vascular injuries are the most common cause of mortality ( Kendall 1998).DO NOT PROBE wounds with active bleeding as may dislodge clot.
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